Revision of Housekeeping Practicals- 1 HORTICULTURE

Flower Arrangement

Introduction

Purpose

To ensure that the students learn about different types of flower arrangements. To ensure that the students learn about the principles of flower arrangements.

Specific Outcomes

1. To ensure that the students are aware about the different categories of flower arrangements. 2. To make students learn about the application of principles while making a flower arrangement. 3. To ensure that the students are aware about the fillers and foliage used in flower arrangements 4. To ensure that the students know about the other accessories used for preparing flower arrangements.

Flower Arrangement

Introduction

Flower Arrangement	Flower arrangement is a design of beauty.  It is essentially a decorative piece and should be the center of attraction. An arrangement can be composed of only flowers and or foliage or in combination with vegetables and fruits.  Flower arrangements have an   ability to introduce a personal touch in an otherwise staid and impersonal hotel room.  Arrangements can be used in lobbies, restaurants, suites etc.  Guests appreciate flowers for the freshness they bring to the surroundings.  Arrangements need not be reserved only for parties or special occasions.  They can be used regularly depending upon the season and the theme. Unconventional and dry material can also be used to make arrangements, which are more economical and last longer.
Principles Of Flower Arrangement	The principles of design are applicable to flower arrangement as well.  Design determines the structural pattern of the arrangement.  It consists of the relationship between the flowers, foliage and containers.  Any design can be produced i.e. suitable to the occasion and the surroundings.  Design is determined by site of placement, function and materials available.  Arrangements may have also to be two sided or all round. Balance: Materials should be placed to give a feeling of stability.  Form and colour are important aspects of balance. a. Formal balance or Symmetrical Balance: In this type, both sides have equal material on either side of the central line.  The flowers should have equal visual weight and colour. b. Informal or Asymmetrical Balance: In this, two sides are not equal but still have equal visual weight.  Dark colours give an effect of more weight than light colours.  They should be centred low in the arrangement.  Lighter colours give an impression of lightness and are more suitable towards the outer and upper ends of arrangement.
Principles Of Flower Arrangement.	Scale: It means proportion and relationship of the various parts of the composition.  The plant material has to be in proportion with the container used and the sealing of the plant items with each other must be kept in mind along with the site and function.  A flower arrangement is of good proportion when it is of right side for the container and placement. Rhythm: Rhythm can be described as a sense of movement, which flows through the main lines of the arrangement.  The purpose of it is to direct once eye along it so that the shape of the entire composition is followed and understood.  In flower arrangement, this is achieved by   grading flowers and arranging foliage, leaning towards the sides.  These lines partly decide the design of arrangement. Focal Point: It is the central point of arrangement where emphasis is obtained by large accented flowers, group of flowers or use of darker colours. Harmony and Unity: Ensure that the materials are suitable for the site and the occasion.  The colours of the flowers and the container should blend with each other easily or provide a pleasing contrast with each other and with the background.  Unity of materials is necessary to view   the arrangement without any distraction from the main line of movement.
Basic Patterns Of Flower Arrangement	The most basic patterns for flower arrangements are: Vertical; Horizontal; Triangular; Rectangular; Circular; Curved; symmetrical All the patterns have their base according to the surroundings as: Tall vertical arrangements are suitable for lounge areas while horizontal arrangements will be suitable on coffee tables, banquet tables and other low tables.   A circular arrangement is necessary on a coffee table and banquet table since it can be viewed from all sides. The pattern of the arrangement should not interfere with the purpose of the furniture arrangement.
Equipment For Flower Arrangement  Other Equipments	Like any craft, flower arrangement requires good equipments and proper tools. 1.    Vases or Containers: These are of different sizes and colour.  They may be made of metal, glass, porcelain, wood etc. 2.    Flower Shears: They may be of ordinary scissors type or with a spring for easy cutting of wooden stems. 3.    Pin holders: These are made of heavy metal like iron with fine prospecting pins.  They may be of different shapes and sizes for use in different containers. 4.    Wire Mesh: This is made of steel wire for supporting and balancing of flowers. Florists tape, foam, water spray, rubber bands, tooth picks, thin wire, rocks, pebbles, accessories like birds, butter flies, figurines, sheds etc. A sink, running water and working surface with storage area must be provided

Essentials In Flower Arrangement

1. A good design                     2. Right shape                                 3. Colour of the container 4. Flower composition 5. Accessories in the Arrangement While starting the arrangement, make a definite mental plan.  Design on the basic form in such a way that taller and wider material goes first in a definite leading line.  Locate the focal point low and near the centre.  Let the plant material partially cover the container.  Avoid even number of flowers except in a formal arrangement.  Keep the height of flowers 1/2 times the width of container. Place tall arrangements in tall containers but low containers can be used for both kinds of arrangements. Two items must never appear at the same height. Stems can be bent to obtain curves in the arrangement.  Avoid crossing of stems and observe the reflection of the arrangement in a mirror

Flower Arrangement In Different Locations

Flowers are used for decorating various areas in the hotel like restaurants, reception area, lobby area, rooms etc.  They provide a cheerful appearance and colour to the room.  The arrangement should blend with the décor of the room.  It should be suited to the occasion and location. Arrangements for VIP Rooms: Arrangements here offer a great variety in design and imagination.  The placement will vary according to the type of room and its décor. The writing table, bedside table or coffee table should be used for placing tall arrangements.  The flowers used in rooms should not attract insects. Flower arrangements for reception area: The reception desk is the first area that the guest comes in contact with.  This desk becomes part of the lounge or lobby.  Arrangements should lend character and cheerfulness to the surroundings.  They should blend with the décor. Roses, tube roses and gladioli, chrysanthemums, carnations etc are most suitable.  The arrangement may be two-dimensional since it needs to be viewed by the guest. Buffet Table: Flower arrangements on buffet table act as centrepieces and focus of attention.  The basic rules of arrangements in dining area should be followed and a multi- tier arrangement of a combination with fruits and carved vegetables can be made.  Flowers used should not have a strong smell.  Theme arrangements can be made in theme restaurants. Banquet Table: A banquet is a formal sit down service and the flower arrangement must also follow a formal pattern.  The colour should blend harmoniously with the décor of the banquet hall.  A table that is large with a seating capacity of 15-20 guests should have at least 4-5 small arrangements.  These should be low and all round.  Flower arrangement for special banquets like wedding banquets or in honour of VIP guests should be formal and usually monochromatic. Coffee Table: For a coffee table a low mass arrangement that can be viewed from all sides is suitable.  Few large flowers combined with tiny blossoms are appropriate.  Arrangements can be informal and relaxing.

Use Of Dry Material In Flower Arrangement

A dry flower arrangement is a long lasting arrangement that is made by using dried flower material.  Most dry material can be collected in autumn.  Examples of the materials for such arrangements are stems of barley, oats, rice etc, Pine cones, wood roses, bull roses, onion seed heads, poppy seed heads, corn cobs, lichen, wired shaped roots, dried grass, feathers, sea weed, dried lotus, Cyprus palm etc.   This material can be treated with a coat of varnish, paint or silver and gold wash.  Accessories like marbles, coloured glass, and bits of metals or strips of metal foil, dried berries, feathers, pebbles, driftwood, ribbons, thermocol balls, candles, bells, glass balls can be used.

Points to remember

DO NOT place flowers next to fruit or cigarette smoke. Both release ethylene gases that speed up the rate of decay. DO NOT place the arrangement near a windowsill that gets full sun exposure. Over heating can occur which will shorten the life of your floral. DO keep your flower arrangement cool. Keeping your arrangement in temperatures that range between 40-60 degrees Fahrenheit will prolong freshness. DO keep your vase filled with fresh water. Add fresh water daily. DO change the water in the vase when it becomes cloudy. Changing it every other day will keep them fresh as well. This will limit the production of naturally occurring bacteria. DO immediately remove wilting flowers and leaves. DO NOT use scissors to cut the stems of your flowers. Scissors will crush the stems and prevent water absorption. DO trim stems when changing the water in your vase. DO cut stems on an angle using a sharp knife. 1-2" from the bottom will help with water absorption.

ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF HORTICULTURE:

HEDGES: Hedges is a type of boundary by the bushes not by any hard material.

LAWNS: Lawn is a grass-covered land (very closely cutt grass). Lawn absorbs and holds water, it prevents soil erosion, trap dust & dirt, provide oxygen.

SOIL: Soil pH value should be between 6.5 to 7.0. Soil is too acidic, it will need a sprinkling of lime and sulphur can be added.

GRASS: Choose a locally adapted grass, which is suitable for that soil.

MOWING: To make the grass very short. Grass should be 2.5 to 3.5 inches tall.

WATERING: Give the water according to grass type. Water should not be more or less.

FERTILIZING: Fertilization should be done once or twice a year.

MINIMIZING CHEMICAL PESTICIDES:  Along with killing harmful pests, chemical pesticides also kill the soil organisms that contribute to a healthy lawn. Use Neem based natural pesticides instead for best results in Indian conditions. Pesticides having lots of variety in the market but we should avoid to use these, as it may harm the product and as well as user also.

Basic Gardening Plans

1. Choose the right plants for your soil

Before you buy any plants, check your soil type: is it light and sandy, or heavy and clay? Many plants thrive better in one type than the other. If you are not sure, look at what plants are growing in your neighbour’s garden.

2. Give plants enough space

Do not be tempted by the displays at the garden centre and buy too many plants for the size of your bed. If you place young plants too close together, not all will survive or, if they do, they will need more frequent watering and fertiliser. Crowded plants are also more susceptible to disease. Plant labels tell you how much room they need.

3. Be gentle with new plants

If you remove new plants from their pots by pulling their stems, you are likely to break or bruise them. Instead, gently squeeze the pot sides and turn it upside-down, using your other hand to catch the plant as it slides out. Alternatively, place the pot on a hard surface and press the sides as you rotate it. Again, the plant should slip out when you upturn the pot.

4. Plan ahead with your design

Before you do any digging, have a think about the big picture of your garden. Place all of your bulbs and young plants on the soil surface first and move them around until you are happy with the arrangement. Then plant them.

5. Soak your roots

The last thing you want is dry root balls. Thoroughly soak the roots of a new plant before you put it in the soil. Moreover, make sure the hole is bigger than the root ball before you attempt to put it in. A plant’s roots need to be able to spread to get the best chance of tapping moisture and absorbing the soil’s nutrients.

6. Label, label, label

For first-time gardeners, it can be easy to forget what you have planted and where. Take an extra minute to write a plant label (most plants you buy from a garden centre come with one) and pop it in the ground next to the seeds, bulbs or plants you have planted.

7. Water mindfully

Plants are designed to live outside and to draw natural moisture from the earth without the need for daily artificial irrigation (unless we are experiencing a drought). As a rough guide, poke your fingers about two inches into the soil around the plant; if it is very dry, add some water. The exceptions are container plants, which, because there are a lot of them in a finite amount of soil, will need regular watering.

8. Be brutal with weeds

It is important to learn early on that weeds are a gardener’s worst enemy. Weed regularly and make sure you remove all their roots. If there are seeds clinging to the weeds, do not put them in the compost heap; you will end up re-seeding your weeds when you spread the compost.

9. Give shrubs some breathing room

Resist the temptation to plant your shrubs near a fence or wall. They grow outwards (in all directions) as well as upwards, so plan accordingly.

10. Have fun with it

Allow yourself to experiment and try new things. If you realise you have planted something in the wrong place – because either it is the wrong height or colour, or because it is not growing well – you can move it. Most plants and shrubs, even young trees, can be uprooted and replanted.

WEEK -3

Basic Gardening Tools

There are many different types of gardening tools available, both hand and power operated. You don't have to buy the most expensive tools available when starting to garden; if you find later that you either don't need a specific tool, or don't care for gardening as an activity, you will not have lost a large investment. Later you can upgrade to the better quality tools, if desired.

Handles:

• Long-handled tools usually offer greater advantage and reach, and often allow working from a standing position. The handle may be either straight or have a D-shaped handgrip on the end. With some tools, such as long-handled pruners, handle extensions may be available.

• Short-handled tools are lighter in weight, usually less expensive, more compact to store than the long-handled varieties, and allow one to work efficiently in confined spaces or while kneeling. Common short-handled tools include hand pruners and clippers, hoes, garden trowels, and cultivators.

• Handles are commonly constructed of wood (requires some additional maintenance to keep splinter-free), fibreglass or plastic (check for cracks), and sometimes metal (check for corrosion and cracks).
• If a handle or any other part of the tool is damaged or loose, it should be repaired or replaced immediately. Pay particular attention to where the handle fits into the tool for looseness or damage.

Hand Tools:

In no particular order, some of the more common hand gardening tools are listed below (the same tool may have several different common names). This is only a basic list, for there are many styles and variations of these and other tools available to the home gardener.

• Spading Fork These have heavy, flat tines and often a D-shaped handle. They are used to open up the ground, dig bulbs, incorporate soil amendments, and turn compost.

• Hoe A hoe is used for weeding and scraping the surface of the soil. Garden hoes include the traditional flat scraping/chopping types, along with the newer loop, scuffle or stirrup styles.

• Pitchfork/Manure Fork. Pitchforks and manure forks have long, thin tines which are not as heavy as those on a spading fork. They are used for picking up and moving loose materials.

• Round-nosed Shovel. Used for heavy digging and mixing, such as when incorporating soil amendments or preparing planting holes.

• Square-nosed Shovel. The flat blade allows it to be used to scoop up materials, level high spots in the soil, and cut straight lines through sod and soil.

• Bow or Garden Rake. This is a heavy rake with short, stiff tines supported by a flat or bow-shaped metal frame. It is used for raking heavy materials, removing rocks and other debris from the soil, and smoothing the soil in preparation for planting.

• Leaf Rake. A light rake with long, thin, flexible tines designed to gather leaves or other light materials.

• Garden Hose. Used to provide supplemental water to your plants, clean items, and sometimes to assist in applying fertilizers or pesticides.

• Cultivator. A tool with heavy curved or bent tines, or sometimes multiple spinning blades, designed to open up and aerate the soil. The cultivator styles with tines are also used to mix materials and to effectively loosen weed roots.

• Hand Pruner. Used for removing flowers, light-weight foliage, and small branches. They may have either anvil or bypass blades.

• Long-handled Pruner/Lopper. These are long-handled versions of hand pruners, and provide greater reach and leverage, allowing for larger items to be cut. They may have either anvil or bypass blades, and some of the heavy-duty versions have ratchet mechanisms for additional power.

• Pruning Saw. These are hand saws designed for efficient garden pruning. They may be either a single blade with a handle, or utilize a metal or wood frame. Pruning saws may also be mounted on long handles which allows higher branches to be cut from the ground (these styles often have a rope-controlled lopper in addition to the saw).

• Garden Knife. Useful for cutting twine and plant ties, opening bags, plant propagation, opening up plant root balls, and general garden use. The safest styles have a sturdy fixed blade (often with serrations) which will not collapse on your fingers during use.

• Axe/Hatchet. Axes and hatchets are used to do rough chopping. Some axes have a double blade, others a flat end on the head which is used to carefully drive wooden stakes (not metal, which might make the tempered axe head chip), while others have a flat, transverse grubbing blade on the head for the removal of roots (these are called a Pulaski, garden or grubbing axe). Hatchets are smaller, short-handled versions of axes.

• Clipper/Shears. These are used to remove a layer of vegetation from the surface of a planting, hedge, or turf grass. Grass clippers trim turf grass, and hedge shears are used to shape hedges and shrubs.

• Wheelbarrow/Garden Cart. These are not only used to move heavy and/or bulky materials such as soil, garden debris, compost and plants, but also as portable mixing containers for materials such as soil amendments and even concrete.

• Mattock/Pickaxe. The mattock is a heavy, flat-bladed tool designed to dig or grub in the soil. The pickaxe, with its sharp points, is used to break up heavy or rocky soils. Often a combination tool is found, which has a mattock on one end of the tool head, and a pickaxe on the other end.

Power Tools:

When using power tools read and follow all use and safety instructions, keep them in good working condition, and remember that hot surfaces, spinning blades, excessive noise, and thrown material may cause serious injury to the operator and those nearby. Use eye and ear protection, and be sure to keep children, other persons, and pets away from these tools when in use. With electric tools be careful not to damage the cord or get things wet, and always use and store gasoline and other liquid fuels in a safe location and manner.

• Lawn Mower. These are used to cut turf grass. Walk-behind mowers may be powered by gasoline or electricity; some power mowers may be either self-propelled or riding mowers. Power mowers often can be configured to mulch or "grass cycle" clippings (returning the clippings to the lawn). Large wheel, heavy-duty versions are available for cutting weeds.

• Tiller/Cultivator. These are used to break up large areas of compacted soil and to quickly incorporate soil amendments. They may also be used to loosen the soil prior to grading.

• Lawn Edger. These are used to trim the edge of a lawn or bed.

• String Trimmer. These devices use a heavy string (usually plastic) on a revolving head to trim grass and light plant material.

• Leaf Blower. Gasoline or electric, these use forced air to push light material.

• Electric Clipper/Trimmer/Shears. These are often used to trim turf grass, hedges and shrubs. They may use a cord or battery.

WEEK - 4

LANDSCAPING (Draw different designs of Landscape in your Journal)

According to Chambers’ dictionary, the definition of landscape is the appearance of that portion of land, which the eye can view at once and landscape gardening is the art of laying grounds so as to produce the effect of a picturesque landscape. Landscape gardening can be defined as the decoration of a tract of land with plants and other garden materials to produce a picturesque and naturalistic effect in a limited space. Landscape may or may not include plants. According to Bailey, Landscape gardening is the application of garden forms, methods and materials to the improvements of the landscape and the landscape in this connection is any area large or small on which it is desirable to develop a view or design.

Natural Elements of Landscape

There are mountains, hills, glens, valleys, seas, rivers, forests, plains, deserts, lakes, swamps, streams, etc. which comprise major part of natural landscape. At certain points, there is harmony between natural elements like ground forms, vegetation and even animal life. The landscape of such place is beautiful and conveys the feeling or mood of the landscape character like exhilaration, sadness and awe. Man has copied the natural elements for improving landscape around him and converted certain areas in the form of garden for his pleasure.

Landscape Designing

General principles of landscaping are as follows:

        i.            The ideal landscape garden is like ideal landscape painting which expresses some single thought or feelings. Its expression may be gay, bold, retired, quiet, etc.

      ii.            Beauty and utility should be harmoniously combined.

    iii.            Area should be divided into different parts and plan should be conceived for each area. Overall plan should be such that the observer catches the entire effect and purpose of the plan without stopping to analyse its parts.

    iv.            Simplicity of design should be aimed at in the execution of the plan.

      v.            An ideal landscape should have open space.

    vi.            Let the garden and building merge into each other. There should not be stopping abruptly particularly in front of building. The view of garden from the windows and doors should be very attractive. Planting around the building, climbers against wall and on the porch, decoration of veranda and rooms with attractive foliage, flowering plants, hanging baskets serve to unique the building with garden. Every part of the compound should be planned in such a way that it gives surprising effect to visitor.

  vii.            Overcrowding of plants and objects should be avoided.

Bonsai

We now know the literal translation of Bonsai is "tree in pot", but what is the meaning of a Bonsai tree? A Bonsai tree is a replication of nature, in the form of a miniature tree, without displaying the human intervention too clearly. The word “Bon-sai” (often misspelled as bonzai or banzai) is a Japanese term which, literally translated, and means “planted in a container”. ... The ultimate goal of growing a Bonsai is to create a miniaturized but realistic representation of nature in the form of a tree. In other words Bonsai is a tree or shrub that has been dwarfed, as by pruning the roots and pinching, and is grown in a pot or other container and trained to produce a desired shape or effect.

The connotations or added/implied Bonsai tree meanings include:

• A general tree-like shape or style (although not necessarily natural to that type of plant growing full-size in the wild).
• A profile that is not as detailed as a photographically-real tree but has just enough features to easily suggest a full-grown tree.
• Relative smallness, compared with those same types of trees outside of the container, for ease of transport and ability to keep nearby.
• A sense of naturalness which has been subtly accentuated by human intervention but which is not spoiled by stark evidence of human interaction.
• A particular representation of something much more than itself, and thus allowing each viewer to interpret what is shown and to build-upon this based on his or her own experiences and memories.
• Something so valued that it has received care for virtually every day of its [hopefully long] containerized life.
• Something held in such high regard that it was allowed to be brought temporarily into the house for honoured guests even though it contained soil from the garden.
• A portable oasis and transportable miniature garden which can represent the seasons and vast or favourite landscapes close-at-hand for meditation or contemplation assistance.
• These are just a few points; it is up to you to decide what Bonsai means to you.

THEME BASED RESTAURANT DESIGNING

Theme based Restaurant designing.

• Type of color
• Theme types – Formal and Informal
• Relationship of Menu and Theme in Restaurant
• Factors in selecting and designing the theme
 Clientele
 Cost
 Occasion
 Type of Menu
 Building structure etc

To achieve an impressive restaurant interior design, consider these five important elements:

1.    Consistent and obvious theme

Whether you want to renovate your restaurant or are in the stages of opening one, when coming up with the design, consider the concept of your dining establishment first. Is it Italian, French, Asian, casual dining, or fast food? Your restaurant concept should then translate to its interior. This basically means that if you specialize in Japanese cuisine, your restaurant shouldn’t be decorated like an Italian bistro.

The theme of your restaurant should also already be evident when your customers walk in. They should be met with the sights and sounds appropriate to your type of restaurant. In addition, you can make sure your restaurant concept is consistent by matching the look and feel of your establishment with your branding. Your clientele will always tie the two together so ensure that your interior, packaging, menu, advertisements, website, and even the exterior blend well together.

2.    Comfortable interior

Aside from showcasing your concept and brand, your interior design should also prioritize the comfort of your customers. The dining area should be able to accommodate guests comfortably without leaving them feeling cramped. It must also allow the restaurant staff to get around the tables and kitchen freely and without any accidents.

Dividing your establishment into strategic areas can help give your guests some level of privacy (and make them feel more comfortable) while they are dining. Even just one private room for parties will give you a boost in income since you will find people booking the area for family reunions, business meetings, etc. You don’t need to necessarily segregate your restaurant into established zones, especially if you have a small space. As a solution to this, give guests a chance to pick their own section by using movable dividers.

3.    Good lighting

The professionals at Interact Group, a design and fit out company, say that windows will provide your guests with (hopefully) stunning views. But aside from this, windows can do wonders to make your environment more inviting since they give your establishment natural light.

A great restaurant interior should make use of both natural and artificial light to ensure that it is bright enough inside so that customers can read the menu, a book, a newspaper, or documents from the office. However, the lighting should not be too harsh that customers can see the blemishes on the person’s face in front of them.

Using the right lighting fixtures will also help boost the mood in your establishment. For instance, if you want to create a warm feeling, you can use yellow or golden electric lighting. A fireplace and some candles will help establish this ambience, too.

4.    The right use of colors

Colors can also reflect the theme of your restaurant. As such, your establishment’s interior should carry your brand’s official hues. Color perception is connected to emotions, so make sure your restaurant showcases hues that invoke a feeling of joy among your customers.

According to experts, red and yellow are prominent in fast food restaurants since psychologists say these colors stimulate appetite. Fine dining establishments, on the other hand, use blue since it has a calming effect that causes diners to feel more comfortable and satisfied while they are in the restaurant.

5.    Inviting furniture, wares and decor

No customer would want to stay or return to a restaurant with hard chairs and old, dirty-looking tables. Having comfortable chairs and good-sized, appealing tables will be highly effective in inviting patrons and encouraging them to extend their stay and order some dessert or more drinks.

In addition, a great restaurant design trend you can consider, is to offer variety in seating. Include a bar for customers needing a quick bite, tables for the large families or groups, and booths for couples.

The choice of tableware also reflects on the restaurant and should thus be considered in the overall restaurant design. If you want to impress customers, avoid using flimsy and cheap silverware and plates that will give customers the impression that you are serving low-quality food.

Lastly, make sure you choose accessories such as paintings, table covers, centerpieces, and napkins that continue the theme of your décor.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN:

1.    SCALE AND PROPORTION:

Proportion is the law of relationship, which demands that all space divisions should be pleasingly related to each other and to the whole.  Restaurant should be preferably furnished with smaller furniture types and consistent patterns.  The furniture should be in proportion to the size and height of the room and its architectural features.

2.    BALANCE:

It is the principle of design, which produces a feeling of restfulness and contentment.  Balance deals with quantity or number in the arrangement, colour and distribution of pattern or plain surfaces.  Balance is the result of equalisation of attraction on either side of a central point.  Balance can be attributed to colours, texture, pattern and light. 

There are two types of balance:

Formal Balance and Informal Balance

Ø  Formal Balance:

Formal or symmetrical balance occurs when objects of equal size and weight are placed on each side and at equal distance from the centre.  When they are identical, the balance is symmetrical.

Ø  Informal Balance:

Informal or asymmetrical balance results when objects are arranged in such a way that a large one nears the centre, smaller ones away from the centre.  Both types of balances are attractive.  Formal represents intellect while informal represents feelings.  This also has emotional significance.

3.    RHYTHM:

This is the principle of design that suggests connected movement in a pleasant manner.  It can be obtained through a repetition of light, forms, and colours or through a progression of rise or continuous line movement.  Rhythm is achieved through repetition, progression, transition, opposition and radiation.

4.    EMPHASIS:

It is the principle of design that centres interest on the most important thing in the arrangement in a room. Emphasis may be centred on a painting, fireplace, window treatment or furniture grouping.  All other parts must be subordinated to the interesting point.  It is better to understand emphasized rather than over emphasized.  Emphasis can be created at any point in the room.  Dramatic use of art components creates emphasis i.e. large and unusual forms, different surface patterns, more light elsewhere and unusual texture and contrasting colours.

5.    HARMONY AND UNITY:

It is the expression of an agreeable combination of all the parts that are produced. In other words, if all other elements of design have been combined as per the principles, it inevitably results in unity. Unity and harmony demand that size, shape, textures, colours and ideas are pleasingly related e.g. a copper lamp would look charming in an ethnic arrangement but not in a modern formal one.